AUDITING AS AN AID TO ACCOUNTABILITY
(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE POST PRIMARY SCHOOL MANAGEMENT BOARD (PPSMB)
ABSTRACT
An economy moves as efficiently or inefficiently as the people who manage its affairs. Business cannot thrive if we do not have an adequate number of men with their requisite knowledge, skill and competence.
It is in recognition of these fact that an effort is made in this research work to show the impact of auditing in public sector.
For the sake of clarity and orderly presentation of relevant materials, the body of this work is divided into five chapters.
Chapter one is the Introduction which considers among other things, the Auditing curiosity about auditing. Historical background of the study, Statement of problem, Objectives of the study, Research questions and Hypothesis, significances of the study: practical and academic significance, Limitations of study and operational definition of some technical terms.
The second chapter discussed the review of related literature, which comprises; theoretical review and empirical review of different authorities. Auditing and accountability defined, origin and development of audit, public and short note of public accountability, government accounting procedures, the role of internal audit unit, statutory positions, power and functions of auditor general and audit report.
The third chapter dealt with the Design and methodology, Area of study, Population of study, Sources of data, Sampling method, Research Instrumentation, validity and reliability of research instrument and method of investigation.
Chapter four X-rays the data analysis and presentation which include the hypothesis and response of the respondent.      
The final chapter presents the findings, questionnaires and bibliography are under the appendix of the write-up at the back page. Also in the back page is the application letter to the Enugu state audit department.
The structural arrangement was made to accommodate the size and complexity for audit work which increases enormously with corresponding effect on the operation of public offices.
The complexities resulted to the inadequate examination and verifications of the books and records in such a way as to uphold a true and fair view of transactions.
In short, all these factors motivated the researcher to try into facts of and rudiment of auditing and explores the impact of auditing and use of auditing as means of avoiding these anomalies. So auditing should be carried out in all public organization if actually the yield by these organization would be satisfactory.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE       
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study   
1.2 Statement of problem
1.3 Objectives  of the study     
1.4 Research question    
1.5 Hypothesis
1.6 Scope of the study    
1.7 Significance of the study   
1.7.1 Practical and Academic significance      
1.8 Limitation of the study      
1.9 Operating definition of terms    
        Reference
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0.1 Theoretical review auditing and accountability
       defined     
2.0.2 Empirical review auditing and accountability
     Defined      
2.1 Historical origin and development of auditing          
2.2 The meaning of public and civil service    
2.3 Short notes on public accountability
2.4 Government accounting procedures         
2.4.1 Constitutional requirement    
2.4.2 Legislative requirement  
2.4.3 Administrative requirement   
2.5 Types of government expenditure
2.5.1 Recurrent expenditure   
2.5.2 Capital expenditure
2.6 The role of internal audit department in the state            
Service    
2.7 Statutory position, power and functions of the auditor general        
2.8 Audit report              
Reference        
CHAPTER THREE                                              
3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research design        
3.2 Area of study             
3.3 Population of study
3.4 Sources of data
3.5 Sampling method     
3.6 Research instrumentation
3.7 Validity and reliability of research instruments
3.8 Methods of investigation   
CHAPTER FOUR                                   
4.0 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Presentation and analysis of data     
4.2 Test of hypothesis     
CHAPTER FIVE                         
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Findings       
5.2 Conclusion  
5.3 Recommendation  
          Bibliography      
          Appendix I
          Appendix II        
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
        The question of how to increase efficiency and positive result in audit work in the public sector is a perennial problem in Nigeria, and one that is increasingly warring the generality of the people of this country.
        The response has been to upgrade the quality of audit staff and widening of the powers conferred on audit institutions in the public sector. The need for the training of audit staff in modern techniques of auditing which is more effective and result oriented rather than restricting them to the traditional methods of tick and turner which is inadequate and outdated.
        Public sector auditing is centered towards ensuring the proper and efficient use of public funds, development of sound financial management, the orderly executive administrative activities and the communication of information to the public through the publication of objectives reports since there are necessary for the stability and development of the nation, there is the need to map out the machineries and methods of carrying out a research these functions effectively as to achieve a desired result.
        In the past, the emphasis of an audit was on the traditional methods of auditing which has been mainly the compliance audit, seeing that all books and records comply with the laid down procedures and regulation. But now, there is the need for a shift of emphasis to modern concept of effectiveness and efficiency.
        Based on these individual views of auditing and its functions, the researcher took a keen inherent to rest empirically auditing an aid to accountability with the Enugu State Post Primary School Management Board (PPSMB).
        The increasing incidence of fraud and misappropriation of public fund and property by the accounting officers and chief executive in the Enugu State Post Primary School Management Board Posses a question as to whether auditing plays any role towards ensuring proper accountability in the state public service.
        Auditing is meant to control, deter and find out any fraud or misappropriation of public fund or property by officers entrusted with such duties. It is because of this onerous task that the Enugu State audit department was established to appraise the work of those entrusted with the responsibility of accountability.
        Government undertakes various transactions through its representatives or agencies and as such, they are required by law to give account of their stewardship. To achieve these purpose, the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria provides a law established audit departments both at the federal and state levels section 125(1) of the 1999 constitution provides that there shall be an auditor general for each state of the federation who shall be appointed in accordance with the provision of section 126 of this constitution. The sub-section (2) of this section provides that the public account of a state and all offices, ministries, parastatals and the courts of the state shall be audited by the auditor-general for the state concerned, and for that purpose the auditor-general or any person authorized by him in that behalf shall have access to all the books, record, returns and other documents relating to those accounts.
        The sub-section (3) of this constitution also states that nothing of sub-section (2) of the this constitution shall be constrained as authorizing the auditor-general to audit the accounts or appoint auditor for government statutory corporations, agencies, commission authorities, including all persons and bodies established by law but the auditors-general shall provides such bodies with
    A list of auditors qualified to be appointed by them as  external auditors, and from which the bodies shall appoint their external auditors and
  A guideline on the level of lies to be paid to external auditors and
        Commend on their annual account and auditor’s report thereon. The sub-section (4) of this section also states that the auditor-general for the state shall have power to conduct periodic checks of all government statutory corporations, agencies commission, authorities.
Inspite of all these provisions and safeguards, there is still existence of fraud and misappropriation of public funds and properties by those entrusted with their safeguards. In view of the foregoing, this study is aimed at appraising the functions of the Enugu state audit department, problems affecting its efficiencies performance and possible suggestion to enhance its effectiveness.
The researcher aims to examine the major cause of fraud or misappropriation of public funds in state public service and offer useful suggestions to arrest the ugly situation, this study will be of immense importance for it will appraise the performance of the Enugu State audit department and assess the extent it has been able to achieve its objectives.
The research will also offer useful suggestions on how best to achieve accountability in the state public service.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
        In oral interview with the chief internal auditor in the Enugu State audit department on the origin the audit department he said “the audit department is as old as Nigeria”, he said that the present Enugu state audit department had its root from the colonial  masters. As of the time, there was one audit in, the federation known as the colonial audit. The colonial master had their representatives in Nigeria and they were responsible to the queen of England. The country was divided into four regions, East, West, North and South. Each of the regions had its own audit department but still under the control of the colonial administration. This give rise to regional audits.
        Section (1) of the Eastern Nigeria 1958 constitution state, “There shall be a director of auditor for the region whose office shall be an office in the public services of the region. In 1976, there was a further creation of states I the country and two viz. Anambra State and Imo State following this each of the states now has her own audit department with a director of audit.
        Section 118(1) of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria 1979 states, the director of audit of a state on the recommendation of the state commission subject to the confirmation by the House of Assembly of the State.
        Following the creation of Enugu State in 1992, the State was empowered by section 25 (2) of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria and section 4 (2) of chapter 13 of the auditor law, to have its audit department in the state respect of post primary school management board, and is being headed by the state auditor-general and other members of staff are responsible to him.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
        There has been an entry of poor accountability in the state public service, companies both public and private owned. This cause for proper and overall audit and effective working of the machineries established by government and companies to exercise control over funds. Auditing is believed by many to be a medium to ascertaining the true financial position of companies and government establishment.  Despite this important role of auditing, accountability in these sectors has not proved adequate and the researcher wants to find out if auditing is actually an aid to accountability.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
        The fundamental objective of this investigation is to determine if actually auditing is an aid to accountability. Secondly objectives includes:
  To examine if there is any significant relation between auditing  and accountability in (PPSMB)
  To determine the extent of inadequate auditing leads to misappropriation, embezzlement and deflation.
  To ascertain if auditing is a strong tool for accountability
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
        The selected research questions that guide this study are:
  Is there any significant relationship between auditing and accountability in (PPSMB)?
  In what ways is inadequate auditing heads to misappropriation, embezzlement and deflation?
  Is auditing a strong tool for accountability?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
        In order to arrive to a reasonable conclusion in the study of auditing as an aid to accountability, it is very eminent to formulate a set of testable hypothesis based on available data. To ensure true and fairness of this studying, the under mentioned hypothesis should be tested in the study.
Ho:   There is no significant relationship between auditing and accountability in (PPSMB)
Hi:    There is significant relationship between auditing and accountability in (PPSMB)
Ho:   Inadequate auditing does not lead misappropriation, embezzlement and deflation
Hi:    Inadequate auditing leads misappropriation, embezzlement and deflation
Ho:   Auditing is not a strong tool for accountability  
Hi:    Auditing is a strong tool for accountability
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
        The cope of the study centered on the usefulness of auditing in a public sector titled, “Auditing as an aid to accountability” with a particular reference to the Enugu State Post Primary School Management Board. It also covers the problem of internal audit department in the public services and solution to their problems.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
        At the end of the research, the following achievements will be recorded and it is splited into two:
  Practical and
  Academic
1.7. PRACTICAL AND ACADEMIC SIGNIFICANCE
   The auditing will find work very eminent for it will explore deeply their areas of operation and the section of the constitution that empowered the operation of audit in the public service.
  It will also make them understand that adequate remuneration of their staff will reduce misappropriation and embezzlement in their establishment
   The management both in the private and in the public sector will also be taught the need to put the machinery in notion towards establishing adequate internal check which will certify the efficiency and effectiveness of their internal control.
  Although this work is referenced to the state board, the member of the board of directors and the shareholders will also find this work useful for it will make them understand the usefulness of carrying out a research concerning audit in their establishments.
   The students and would be researchers who would to research on a similar topic will also has provided some researchable question for them.  
1.9 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERM  
        It is very eminent to define some professional terms and language used in this work to make it easily understandable to interested readers of other disciplines.
   Public fund: This the government independent and accounting entity with a self-balancing set of accounts recording cash and or other resources together with all related liabilities, segregated for the purpose of carrying on specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with special regulation, restriction or limitation.
   Audit: AJEMBI O.A (1995) describe audit as an examination by an individual or a firm of a set of financial statement and to the underlying books and records which result, the auditing provides an opinion on the financial statement.
   Accountability: This simply defined as the process of keeping and documenting all the relevant data of an event
  Stewardship account: This is an account required of the stewards or agents to render to the person they are subject to the management of a firm render stewardship account to the members of the board, of director.
   Compliance audit: This is a kind of audit method carried to ensure that all books and records are in agreement with the laid down procedures and regulations.