ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effect of rainfall on the physical, chemical and bacteriological quality
of some selected hand-dug well water consumed by students of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti.
To this effect, six (6) samples from three (3) hand-dug well used, labeled (Ab, Bb, Cb & Aa, Ba,
Ca) indicating before and after rainfall respectively were collected and examined for both the
bacteriological and physio-chemical parameters. The bacteriological parameter is E-coliform, the
physio-chemical parameters included: colour, turbidity, temperature, conductivity, pH, total
dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total hardness, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and
nitrate.
Tested samples were subjected to comparation with WHO and NSDWQ standards. Results
revealed that hand dug wells in the study area contain high coliform counts with respect to the
WHO (2011) and NSDWQ (2007) drinking water guidelines, this indicates bacteriological
pollution of water sources.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................vi-vii
LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the study .........................................................................................1
1.2. Aim of the study.......................................................................................................4
1.3. Objectives of the study.............................................................................................4
1.4. Plan of the study…………………………………………………………………...5
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................6
2.0. Literature review..................................................................................................... .6
2.1. Groundwater Supply and Sanitation Choices.......................................................... 6
2.1.1. Groundwater supplies ...........................................................................................6
2.1.2 Types of sanitation and their choices.................................................................... .7
2.2. Groundwater Quality ..............................................................................................10
2.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality ................................................................12
2.3.1. Geology of groundwater .................................................................................... ..12
2.3.1.1 Nature of aquifer .................................................................................................12
2.3.1.2 Aquifer vulnerability to pollution and risks to groundwater supplies .................15
2.3.2. On-site sanitation systems......................................................................................16
2.3.3. Impact of poor solid waste management on groundwater quality .........................18
2.4. Effect of distance from pollution source on groundwater quality ............................18
2.5. Risk of contamination of groundwater supplies by on-site sanitation .....................20
2.6. Measuring Water Quality......................................................................................... 21
2.6.1. Microbiological Parameters ..................................................................................23
2.6.2. Physicochemical parameter ............................................................................... 24
2.7. Health and Aesthetics ........................................................................................... 31
2.7.1. Health................................................................................................................. 32
2.7.2. Aesthetic ............................................................................................................32
2.8. Groundwater Management ...................................................................................33
CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………....38
3.0. Materials and method…………………………………………………………....38
3.1. Study area………………………………………………………………………..38
3.2. Collection of water samples……………………………………………………..38
3.3. Lab analysis……………………………………………………………………...40
3.3.1. Temperature……………………………………………………………………41
3.3.2. Colour………………………………………………………………………….41
3.3.3. Appearance and odour…………………………………………………………42
3.3.4. Total Alkalinity………………………………………………………………...43
3.3.5. Chloride………………………………………………………………………..44
3.3.6. Turbidity………………………………………………………………………...44
3.3.7. Electrical conductivity…………………………………………………………..45
3.3.8. Total suspended solid……………………………………………………………46
3.3.9. Total Dissolved solid…………………………………………………………… 47
3.3.10. Total solid………………………………………………………………………48
3.3.11. Total Hardness………………………………………………………………….49
3.3.12. Nitrate…………………………………………………………………………..54
3.3.13. Bacteriological………………………………………………………………….55
CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………..57
4.0. Result and Discussion……………………………………………………………...57
4.1. Result of Samples collected………………………………………………………..58
CHAPTER FIVE……………………………………………………………………....67
5.0. Conclusion and Recommendation…………………………………………………67
5.1. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………67
5.2. Recommendation…………………………………………………………………..68
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………69
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Drinking Water Quality Guidelines for the WHO………………22
Table 2: Location and Codes for collected samples………………………40
Table 3: Qualitative description of odour…………………………………42
Table 4: Hardness equivalents (for drinking water)………………………49
Table 5: Characteristics of sampled Hand dug wells……………………...57
Table 6: Result of sample for protected well……………………………...58
Table 7: Result of sample for semi-protected well………………………...59
Table 8: Result of sample for un-protected well…………………………..60
Table 9: Comparison of physico-chemical parameter of hand-dug well water
quality with WHO drinking water guidelines ……………………………..61