ABSTRACT
The study examined effect of instructional materials on Chemistry student's academic achievement and retention of perceived difficult concepts in Obudu Local Government Area. Four variables were used to formulate four research questions and hypotheses. Literature review was carried out based the sub-independent variables of the study. The population of the study comprises 100 SS3 students selected from ten (10) secondary schools in the study area. Quasi-Experimental research design and purposive sampling techniques was applied. One hundred (100) respondents were used for the study. The research instruments used for the data collection was a multiple objective chemistry questions" validated by experts in Test and Measurement, Cross River University Of Technology. Analysis of covariance and independent t-test statistics were the statistical techniques used in testing the hypotheses. All the hypotheses were tested using 0.05 level of significance and various degree of freedom. The results show that there is significant difference in the use of visual materials on chemistry student's academic achievement and retention of perceived difficult concepts, there is significant difference in the use of audio-visual materials on chemistry student's academic achievement, there is significant influence in the usability of instructional materials on chemistry students 'retention of perceived difficult concepts. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended amongst others that, instructional materials should be provided by the Ministry of Education for effective teaching and learning of Chemistry concepts in Cross River State Secondary School.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification - - - - - - - - i
Dedication - - - - - - - - - ii
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - iii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of contents - - - - - - - - vii
List of tables - - - - - - - - x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUTION
1.1 Background of the study - - - - - 1
1.2 Theoretical Framework - - - - - 4
1.2.1 Learning Discovery Theory by Bruner (1966) - - 5
1.2.2 Theory of meaningful Learning by Ausubel (1963) - 6
1.3 Statement of the problem - - - - - 6
1.4 Objectives of the Study - - - - - 8
1.4.1 General Objectives - - - - - - 8
1.4.2 Specific Objectives - - - - - - 9
1.5 Purpose of the study - - - - - - 9
1.6 Research questions - - - - - - 10
1.7 Research hypotheses - - - - - - 11
1.8 Significance of the study - - - - - 12
1.9 Scope of the study - - - - - - 14
1.10 Definition of terms - - - - - - 15
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework - - - - - 18
2.2 Empirical Review - - - - - - 19
2.3 Concept of academic achievement. - - - 19
2.3 Difference in academic achievement scores due to
usage of instructional material - - - - 23
2.4 Effect of Instructional materials on students retention
of difficult concepts - - - - - - 29
2.5 Effect of visual materials on chemistry students'
academic achievement - - - - - - 33
2.6 Effect of audio visual materials on chemistry
students" academic achievement - - - - 38
2.7 Usability of instructional materials and chemistry
students' academic achievement - - - - 43
2.8 Summary of literature review - - - - - 50
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - 52
3.2 Area of the Study - - - - - - 53
3.3 Population of the Study - - - - - 55
3.4 Sample Techniques - - - - - - 55
3.4.1 Sample of the Study - - - - - - 56
3.5 Research Instrument - - - - - - 56
3.5.1 Validation of Instrument - - - - - 57
3.5.2 Reliability of the Study - - - - - - 59
3.6 Procedure for Data Collection - - - - 59
3.7 Procedures for Data Analysis - - - - 60
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 General Descriptive Statistics of Research Sample - 63
4.2 Hypothesis-by-hypothesis presentation of result - 66
4.3 Summary of Findings - - - - - - 74
4.4 Discussion of the Findings - - - - - 74
4.4.1 Use of instructional material and chemistry students’
academic achievement - - - - - - 77
4.4.2 Use of Visual materials and students’ academic
achievement - - - - - - - 78
4.4.3 Use of audio-Visual materials and students’
academic achievement - - - - - - 79
4.4.4 Usability of instructional materials and students’
retention of perceived difficult concepts - - - 80
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 82
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - 83
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - 84
REFERENCES - - - - - - - - 85
APPENDIX - - - - - - - - - 92