TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... .i
APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................ ii
. . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... .iv
CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................... ................................ 1
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................ 3
1.3 THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 4
1.4 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................. 4
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 5
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 6
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 6
1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER TW0 .................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 DEFINITION OF WASTE .............................................................................................. 1 0
2.2 FORMS OF WASTE ....................................................................................................... 10
2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 1 0
2.4 THE REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE WASTE HIERARCHY ....................................... 11
2.4.1 The First 'R'-Reduce ................................................................................................ l2
2.4.2 The Second 'R'-Reuse .............................................................................................. 12
2.4.3 The Third 'R' -Recycling .......................................................................................... 13
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2.5 COLLECTION ................................................................................................................. 14
2.6 HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION ...................................................................... 15
2.7 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL .................................................................................... l6
2.7.1 Open dumps .......................................................................... : ........................................ l6
2.7.2 Landfills ........................................................................................................................ 16
2.7.3 Sanitary landfills ........................................................................................................... 17
2. 7.4 Incineration plants ......................................................................................................... 17
2.8 EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY- EPR ................................................... l8
2.9 POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE ..................................................................................... 18
2.9.1 Waste tariffs/fees for waste collection/treatment/disposal.. .......................................... l9
2.6.2 Environmental taxes ...................................................................................................... 19
3. OLEGAL FRAMEWORI