TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION....................................................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL............................................................................................................................................ iii
DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ vii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................xiii
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Historical background ......................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Theoretical background ....................................................................................................................2
1.1.3 Conceptual background ....................................................................................................................2
1.2 Problem statement...............................................................................................................................3
1.3. Broad objective ..................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Specific Objectives..............................................................................................................................5
1.5 Research questions..............................................................................................................................5
1.6 Significance of the study .....................................................................................................................6
1.7 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................................7
1.8 Scope of the study ...............................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................... 10
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................ 10
2.1 Prevalence of urinary tract infection .................................................................................................. 10
2.2 Riskfactors associated with urinary tract infections............................................................................ 10
2.2.1 Age ................................................................................................................................................ 10
2.2.2 Education level............................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3Socio-economic factors................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4Obstetric factors.............................................................................................................................. 12
x
2.2.4.2Gestational age............................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.5 Genetic Factors .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Common causative agents of urinary tract infections in pregnant women........................................... 13
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 15
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 Study design...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Study Area ........................................................................................................................................ 15
3.3 Study population ............................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 Inclusion and exclusion criteria ......................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Sample size determination................................................................................................................. 16
3.6 Technique of samplingparticipants .................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Study variables.................................................................................................................................. 16
3.8 FLOW CHART................................................................................................................................. 17
3.9 Data collection .................................................................................................................................. 18
3.10 Data quality control......................................................................................................................... 18
3.11 Data analysis................................................................................................................................... 18
3.12 Data presentation............................................................................................................................. 19
3.13 Study limitation and Delimitations................................................................................................... 19
3.13.4 Justice…………........................................................................................................................... 19
3.13.5 Respect of individual person (human right)................................................................................... 20
3.13.6 Benefit and risk ............................................................................................................................ 20
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................... 21
4.0 Data analysis and presentation........................................................................................................... 21
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................... 27
5.0 Discussion......................................................................................................................................... 27
5.1 Limitations of the study..................................................................................................................... 29
5.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................................. 29
5.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................ 29
REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 30
APPENDIX I: ESTIMATED BUDGET.................................................................................................. 34
APPENDIX II: WORK PLAN ................................................................................................................ 35
ABSTRACT Background Globally, urinary tract infection and its associated problems are the cause of nearly 150 million deaths per year. The disease can progress in 40-50% of women (Totsika et al., 2012). The prevalence of urinary tract infections in pregnancy ranges from 13-33%, with asymptomatic bacteriuria occurring in 2–10%. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common disorder caused by bacterial agents in pregnancy, which can lead to important complications in newborn of such mothers in case of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment. Methods The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and associated risk factors of urinary tract infections among pregnant women admitted on maternity ward at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study using quantitative methods. The calculated sample was 150.Data was collected from pregnant women admitted on maternity ward. Data was coded and tabulated using SPSS program. Results 14% of the studied women had urinary tract infection. Factors associated with UTI during pregnancy were previous low socio-economic status; null parity; low education level and increasing gestational age. Frequency of urination followed by supra-pubic pain, then nocturia, were the common complaints. Conclusion Urinary tract infections remain a prevalent problem during pregnancy especially, in developing countries. Genital hygiene, urination habits and low socioeconomic status play significant role in the occurrence of UTI during pregnancy. These findings could be attributed to lack of knowledge about UTI risk factors and its prevention during pregnancy.