Abstract This study was conducted on 176 sheep slaughtered at Al-sabaloga abattoir, West Omdurman, Khartoum State, Sudan, during the period extended from October2016 to December 2016. The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hydatid cysts in sheep and to investigate risk factors associated with the disease. Routine meat inspection procedure was employed to detect the presence of hydatid cysts in visceral organs (liver, lung, heart and muscle). The Examined sheep originated from two areas: Southern Kordofan, and White Nile. The overall prevalence was 2.8% . The prevalence of hydatid cysts infection according to age of sheep was 1.2% in animals equal or less than one years of age and 4.3% in animals of age more than one year. The prevalence of hydatid cysts infection according to grazing was 8.3% in close grazing and was 2.0% in open grazing systems .The distribution of the hydatid cysts according to the area (source) of sheep was 4.0% in Southern Kordofan, and 1.3% in White Nile. As for body condition the prevalence was 3.0% in good body condition and 0.0% in poor body condition. The prevalence of hydatidosis according to the breed of animals was 2.5% in Hamary ecotype and 3.2% in Kabashy breed. The distribution of the hydatid cysts according to the using of treatment was5.7% in animals which were using drugs and was 1.1% in animals which were not using drugs ,the prevalence of hydatid cysts infection according to the present of dogs was 1.7% in area where dogs were present and was 1.1% in area where dogs were not present. Liver is the most infected organ (4cysts), but there is one infection in muscle, and there is no cyst in heart and lungs. In microscopical investigation ;three cysts are found sterile, and two cysts are found fertile. The results of the univariate analysis by using the Chi-square for the following potential risk factors were: breed (P-value = 0.784), age of animal (p-value = 0.208), origin of animal (Pvalue = 0.288), body condition (p-value = 0.081), grazing (p-value =0.081), present of dog (p-value =0.669), and use of treatment (p-value =0.139). The multi variete analysis was not used because the result of univariate analysis showed that there is no significant association between hydatidosis with any of the investigated risk factors.
Subjectj Page
Dedication I
Acknowledgement II
Table of contents III
List of tables VI
List of figures VII
Abstract VIII
Abstract in Arabic IX
Introduction 1
Background 1
Objectives 2
Chapter one
1.1 Literature review 3
1.2 Classification 3
1.3 Etiology 3
1.3.1 Morphology of Echinococcus: 3
1.3.2 Morphology of Echinococcus eggs 4
1.3.3 Morphology of Cyst 5
1.4 Life cycle 5
IV
1.5 Pathogenicity and Clinical Signs 10
1.6 Diagnosis 11
1.7 Geographic distribution and prevalence of echinococcosis in 13
selected regions of the world
1.7.1 Prevalence of echinococcosis in Africa 14
1.7.2 Prevalence of echinococcosis in Sudan 17
1.8 Therapy and Treatment 20
1.8.1 Treatment against Tapeworms in Dogs 20
1.8.2 Treatment of Cystic Stages 20
1.8.3 Control and Eradication programs 21
1.8.4 Control Options and Prevention 21
Chapter two
Materials and Methods 23
2.1 Study area 23
Al-Sabaloga Abattior 24
2.2 Type of study 24
2.3 Ante –mortem examination 24
2.4 Post -mortem examination 25
2.5 Laboratory examination 25
2.5.1 Examination of cysts 25
2.5.2 Size measurement 26
2.6 Method of Sampling 26
2.7 Statistical analysis 27
V
Chapter three
3.1 Results 28
3.2 Origin of animals 29
3.3 Age of animals 29
3.4 Breed 29
3.5 Grazing 30
3.6 Body condition 30
3.7 Using of treatment 30
3.8 Present of dogs 31
3.9 Location of cysts 31
3.10 Size of cysts(volume) 31
3.11 Fertility of cysts 31
Chapter four
Discussion 38
Conclusion 44
Recommendations 45
References 46
Appendices 57
Appendix I 57
Appendix II 61
Appendix III 66